Dynamics and functions of E-cadherin complexes in epithelial cell and tissue morphogenesis

Cell–cell adhesion is at the center of structure and dynamics of epithelial tissue. E-cadherin–catenin complexes mediate Ca²⁺-dependent trans-homodimerization and constitute the kernel of adherens junctions. Beyond the basic function of cell–cell adhesion, recent progress sheds light the dynamics and interwind interactions of individual E-cadherin–catenin complex with E-cadherin superclusters, contractile actomyosin and mechanics of the cortex and adhesion. The nanoscale architecture of E-cadherin complexes together with cis-interactions and interactions with cortical actomyosin adjust to junctional tension and mechano-transduction by reinforcement or weakening of specific features of the interactions. Although post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and glycosylation have been implicated, their role for specific aspects of in E-cadherin function has remained unclear. Here, we provide an overview of the E-cadherin complex in epithelial cell and tissue morphogenesis focusing on nanoscale architectures by super-resolution approaches and post-translational modifications from recent, in particular in vivo, studies. Furthermore, we review the computational modelling in E-cadherin complexes and highlight how computational modelling has contributed to a deeper understanding of the E-cadherin complexes.